Mac Os The Top Three Operating Systems Ever Created

Caleb Schumake Professor Johnson CSC 3030 November 22, 2014 History of Mac OS Apple’s Mac OS is one of the top three operating systems ever created. Mac OS is a series of GUI based operating systems created by Apple Inc. to work seamlessly with the hardware of their Macintosh computer systems. The first operating system introduced for Apple computers was Apple DOS 3.1 in 1978. It was primarily developed by Paul Laughton, Randy Wigginton and Steve Wozniak. Spanning the next three decades Apple would revolutionize the software industry by popularizing the intuitive, rich and simplistic feel of their operating system while harnessing its sheer power. This process was not a simple task; during new developments of Mac OS many disputes and†¦show more content†¦The Apple II was an integrated computer with its own keyboard, case and was the first to display color graphics. Many revisions to the Apple II were made, each boasting a newer operating system. After the release of the Apple II many realized that a disk drive was imperative f or a computer thus, Steve Wozniak created an elegant solution for a floppy disk drive. He coined it as the disk II, this gave birth to the need of a disk operating system within Apple (Singh 7). Apples first version of its disk operating system was released as Apple DOS 3.1 in July 1978. In subsequent years Apple created more diverse operating systems to fit user needs. When the Apple III was introduced in 1980 as a computer for business users it used a new operating system called SOS (Sophisticated operating system). The new operating system featured resources available in the form of a menu-driven utility program as well as programming API. These new additions gave the system the first feel of a true â€Å"user experience†. Apples next improvement to their operating system would be the release of Apple ProDos. ProDos was released in October 1983 and was based on SOS. ProDos provided programmers with far more flexibility than prior systems such as better facilities for codin g in BASIC, assembly language, machine language, and better interrupt handling (Singh 12). With growing competition in the software industry Apple needed to think

The, The Yellow Wallpaper, And Mississippi Native William...

How does one distinguish the difference between reality and fantasy? Can our realities be so complex and unwanted that we are simply unable to grasp it? Coming to terms with actuality allows us to accept and find who we are. If we choose to neglect and become unaware with reality we may become delusional to the point of becoming insane. Feminist Charlotte Gilman’s (1860-1935) â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Mississippi native William Faulkner’s (1897-1962) â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both contain extreme delusional characters (â€Å"Charlotte Perkins Gilman†, â€Å"William Faulkner†). These characters lose touch with the real world and slowly begin to exhibit madness. Although both characters are unable to grasp reality, they both express distinct methods that show the severity and capability of their insanity. Gilman’s and Faulkner’s main characters, Emily and the other who is unnamed, both lose touch with reality. In both works, the characters portray this as they become isolated. For example, in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily’s isolation began when her father died. Emily rarely went out and â€Å"after her sweetheart went away, people hardly saw her at all.†(226) The death of her father, as well as the death of her â€Å"sweetheart†, made Emily feel depressed, thus causing her to go into solidarity (226). Shutting herself from the real world made Emily unable to grasp reality. Her reality was the death of the two men. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the unnamed character was also isolated, but only because her

Malcolm X Essay Example For Students

Malcolm X Essay All men are created equal. This statement was the basis of the civil rightmovements of the 1960s. Malcom X is a man that promoted a society in which all human beings were equallyrespected. He believes that blacks should achieve that goal by any means necessary. In a time when blacks werenot allowed to sit in the front of the bus, using the same bathroom, or were not admitted to Universities. MalcomXs cry of justice was believed to be the voice of all blacks behind closed doors. Malcom Little grew up as poorand did not have much parental support. His father was run over by a street car when he was six. Soon after hisfathers death, his mother was put in a mental hospital. He grew up in East Lansing and Boston. He was a pimp, ahustler, drug user, and a drug dealer. He worked in the Harlem underworld and was almost killed by his bossafter he betrayed him. Malcom turned to robbery and was caught by the police and sentenced to 10 years ofhard labor. While in jail, he was introduced to the Nation of Islam, a Black Muslim group, and changed his nameto Malcom X. The X replaced the slave name that was given by the white masters and stands for the his realname that he never knew. After his release from prison he started preaching for the Nation of Islam (NOI). Hispreaching was known for its hatred overtone. He describes America as a house with a bomb inside and it isabout to explode. Unless the white people want the house to explode and kill everyone inside, they should takethe bomb out and give it a house of their own. His speeches were very popular among angry blacks and he wasfrequently on the front page of the newspaper. It was rumored that other Nation of Islam members were jealousabout his popularity and worried about the power he was gaining. After the JFK assassination, Malcom stated:President Kennedy never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon Being an old farm boymyself, chickens coming home to roost never did make me sad; they always made m e glad. After many deathcalls from irritated Whites, The Nation of Islam started to distance themselves from Malcom. There was alreadyfriction between The Nation of Islam and they did not want the Nation of Islam to get a bad name because ofMalcom. Feeling pressure to leave and felt betrayed by his church, he started the Organization of Afro-AmericanUnity. They had the commitment to doing whatever is necessary to bring the Negro struggle from the level ofcivil rights to the level of human rights. While making a speech in the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem on Feb 21,1965 he was assassinated by 3 persons all belonging to the NOI. Whether you like him or not, Malcom X wascharismatic leader that said the many things that had to be said in the midst of the civil rights movement. By anymeans necessary! Im for freedom. Im for a society in which our people are recognized and respected as humanbeings, and I believe that we have the right to resort to any means necessary to bring that about. -Mal com X,interview with Claude Lewis (December 1964) This statement and others helped propel the recognition ofprejudice in the heart of America. Whenever I research into a past leader I always feel a great sadness that agreat mind has perished with the person. But in this one case, there is a small sense of relief. Violence bleedsviolence. 3 men whom he has preached gunned down a man that has preached violence to advance his cause. .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 , .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .postImageUrl , .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 , .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:hover , .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:visited , .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:active { border:0!important; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:active , .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3 .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7417d0d4bd42c40baea2823d822cdfa3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How to design a network Essay They stood over his body and emptied their guns. I hope all people can learn from this and move forwardtogether as a nation in peace.

Vidofnir, the cock Essay Example

Vidofnir, the cock Paper Norse, Teutonic, or Scandinavian mythology is the collective myths of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland. Norse myths were brought into being during the Viking era, which lasted from 1070 A. D. to 1780 A. D. Our main sources of these myths come from the Icelandic Eddas, including the Prose (Younger) and the Poetic (Elder). The Poetic Edda is comprised of thirty-five poems. The Volsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied are also significant sources. The lack of much further information was the direct result of Christian Termination (Cherry, Intro) Scandinavian mythology holds interesting parallels to other early religions and has strongly influenced modern literature. One of the most important elements to any myth or form of religion is to explain how the world came into being. In the beginning, there was Ginnungagap or yawning emptiness That lay between the realms of fire and ice. As the warm air from the south met the north the ice of Ginnungagap was melted forming Ymir, the frost giant, and Audhumla, the primeval cow, from whom flowed four rivers of milk. We will write a custom essay sample on Vidofnir, the cock specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vidofnir, the cock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vidofnir, the cock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From Ymirs armpit came the sweat that formed the frost giants. Audhumla began to lick the ice and uncovered Buri, the ancestor of the gods in three days. Buri had a son named Bor whom married a frost giantess. From that union, Odin, Vili, and Ve were born. Growing tired of Ymirs brutality and the growing band of frost giants, Odin, Vili, and Ve took up arms and slew Ymir and all the frost giants, excluding Bergelmir and his wife who fled across the sea. Odin and his brothers then threw the corpse of Ymir into Ginnungagap. Ymirs flesh became the earth, his unbroken bones mountains, his teeth and jaws rocks and boulders, his blood rivers, lakes, and the sea, and his skull the sky held at the corners by four dwarfs. Sparks were used to make the sun, the moon and the stars. From Ymirs flesh also the light elves that were placed in Alfheim. Odin Vili and Ve came upon two beautiful fallen trees, an Ash and an Elm. Odin gave them soul; Vili gave them emotion and intelligence; Ve gave them the ability to see and hear. They became the First Humans, Ask and Embla. The gods gave them Midgard. Angered by Mundilfaris comparison of his children to the sun and the moon, Odin made them into constellations to guide the actual heavenly bodies. This creation myth has strong relation to that of Babylon when Mardok the champion slew Tiamat to form the universe(Ultimate Encyclopedia of mythology 183 186 195 253) The firmament of the nine realms in Scandinavian mythology was Yggdrassil, meaning, and dreadful mount It was the cosmic ash tree (Ultimate Encyclopedia of mythology 252) Its Name is a reference either to the gallows or to Odins horse Odin did hang himself for nine nights in order to learn wisdom. Yggdrasils three roots descended into the nine worlds. However there seems to be much speculation of how they lay. Three roots spread three ways Under the ash Yggdrasil: Hel is under the first, Frost Giants under the second, Mankind below the last (The Elder Edda 66) However, in The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology it seems to be described somewhat like this: Asgard, the stronghold of the gods lay on the first root. Along with Asgard were Vanaheim, the home of the Vanir, and the Well of Urd, the meeting place for the Gods. Muspelheim, the land of fire, and Nifleheim, place of the dead lay upon the second root; that Nidhogg the dragon gnawed on. The hardships endured by Yggdrasil Are more than men can dream of: Harts Bite the Twigs, the trunk rots, Niddhogg gnaws at the roots. (The Elder Edda 67) Jotunheim, the land of the giants, lay upon the third root, also upon it was, Midgard, the home of humans. Also upon that root lay the well of Mimir, the source of all wisdom. The rainbow bridge, Bifrost connected Asgard to Midgard. Upon the high branches of Yggdrasil, Ratatosk, the messenger squirrel dwelled with Vidofnir, the cock. The cause of this variant in texts seems to be elusive, yet we must consider that the Elder Edda is a poetic source with simplified information, while The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology is a compilation of many texts. It would be safe to think that both are correct by the varying stories of Scandinavian Mythology. I am called Grim, I am called Traveler, Warrior and Helmet-Wearer, Agreeable, Third, Thud and Ud, High-One and Hel-Blinder Broad-Hat, Broad-Beard, Boat-Lord, Rider, All-Father, Death-Father, Father of Victory (The words of Odin in The Lay of Grimnir) (The Elder Edda 69) By many other names is the All-Father called, yet it would be rude to continue the passage too far. Like Zeus Odin was the sky father He is a strange and solemn figure, always aloof He eats nothing while other gods feasted Odin pondered what thought and memory taught him. (Hamilton 308) He was responsible for postponing Ragnarok for as long as possible.

The concept of wei

Essay on Natural Disasters Covering PTSD and Survivor Syndrome

Essay on Natural Disasters Covering PTSD and Survivor Syndrome Essay on Natural Disasters Covering PTSD and Survivor Syndrome The survivor syndrome, or as it is sometimes called the survivor guilt, is a psychological disorder which first was discovered in in 1960s during the examination of Holocaust victims. Recently it has been changed from a separate independent diagnosis to a symptom of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). It usually appears after a person goes through a very stressful experience like a terrorist attack, war, or natural disaster. The most vivid symptoms of this mental condition are depression, sleep pattern disruptions, nightmares, anxiety, physical weakness, etc. Why is studying this particular psychological disorder important? Just in 2017 there were massive floods in China (144 people killed) and Peru (150 people killed), an earthquake in Mexico (225 people killed), wildfires in California (40 people killed), hurricanes Irma and Harvey, naming just the biggest natural disasters. This topic will always be of great interest because we never know which catastrophe will happen tomorrow, and we must always be ready to handle the consequences and victims properly. That’s why writing an essay on natural disasters covering PTSD and survivor guilt is significant not only for your academic success, but for the whole field of psychological studies in general. Moreover, it’s essential to use the most up-to-date research findings and data. But don’t worry about that – we’ve got it covered here. 1. Comparison of Simulated Treatment and Cost-effectiveness of a Stepped Care Case-Finding Intervention vs Usual Care for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After a Natural Disaster Year: 2017 Link: http://bit.ly/2xtjfvl This work regards stepped care in terms of helping people with PTSD caused by natural disasters. It proves the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of SC in comparison with other types of cares. 2. Optimizing Clinical Thresholds for PTSD: Extending the DSM-5 Preschool Criteria to School-Age Children Year: 2017 Link: http://bit.ly/2y21Jd6 La Greca, the author of the study, reveals how it is possible to promptly notice children influenced by the natural disasters who have symptoms of PTSD. 3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Disasters: a Systematic Review Year: 2007 Link: http://bit.ly/2z3Ghtl The researches investigate how different types of disasters (natural, technological, human-made, etc.) can cause different types of PTSD. This is an extensive study that covers the timeframe from 1980 till 2007. 4. Incidence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Population Affected by a Severe Flood Year: 2016 Link: http://bit.ly/2laKKUN The research studies the most problematic outcomes of PTSD that appear after floods in areas prone to severe rainfalls in order to minimize them in the future and quickly improve public health after natural disasters. 5. Longitudinal Course of Disaster-Related PTSD among a Prospective Sample of Adult Chilean Natural Disaster Survivors Year: 2017 Link: http://bit.ly/2ivPFyM Here you can find out whether psychiatric disorders that already exist can impact the PTSD after a natural disaster. The study was conducted on the basis of 6 European countries and Chile over the period of 2001-2010. Use these research information in order to write a proficient essay on natural disasters. They will add up more weight to your words and make your statements more powerful. So, start writing right now!

Developing a More Agile Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developing a More Agile Approach - Essay Example Wal-Mart is not directly linked with a software business but they do use certain technological software for running their operations unlike Amazon.com which is influenced by software developments. The agile software is easy to implement in a business like Amazon.com rather than in a business like Wal-Mart. Providing quality is the main goals of organizations and it is one of the key determinants of an organization’s success. Nowadays organizations heavily rely on software and other technologies to improve the long-term product quality. Currently, agile software development has become one of the most popular technologies to be used in organizations. If a firm is successful in implementing the software successfully then it also succeeds in improving the long term product quality, as the software targets the factors that are directly related to improving the long term product quality. It improves areas such as finance and human resource that are directly related to aspects such as managing product

Cultural challenges regarding Volvo entering China Essay

Cultural challenges regarding Volvo entering China - Essay Example xvi). The country’s culture will determine how the firm will respond to strategic issues, and how these issues are interpreted (Becker, 2000, p. 90). Sweden verses China – the Cultural Challenges Hofstede’s cultural dimensions will be used as a framework to explain the cultural challenges between Sweden and China. These dimensions are widely used in different contexts, where there is going to a cross-cultural challenge, and different countries will fall within these dimensions (Steenkamp, 1999). Hofstede proposed that culture has different dimensions, and that these dimensions must be taken into account whenever one is looking at cross-cultural relationships. Volvo is based in Sweden, which obviously is a Western country. China is obvioiusly an Eastern country. As such, there is bound to be many cultural challenges which might arise when these two countries merge. One of Hofstede’s dimensions is the concept that some countries are individualistic, while ot her countries are collectivist. Basically, the individualist countries are an â€Å"I† countries – the individuals are paramount, and everybody is expected to be able to go it alone. The collectivist countries, on the other hand, see that everybody is a part of a group. This group might be a family, it might be a clan, or it might be an organization. At any rate, the members of the group, if the country is a collectivist country, show unfailing loyalty to that group (Hofstede, 1984, p. 84). In individualistic cultures, individual concerns are put ahead of group concerns; in collectivist countries, this is just the opposite (Steenkamp, 1999, p. 59). What the research shows is that China is a collectivist country – they score low on the scale for individualism, while Sweden scores high on this scale. What this means is that there is bound to be culture clashes, as the Chinese workers will have loyalty to the people inside their group – research shows that, within the collectivist cultures, the members of a group are willing to share with other members of that group, and are less willing to share with members who are not in that group (Ardchivilli et al., 2006). The Chinese workers therefore might decide to bond together and not share information with the Swedish workers, and this might be the same with the management. On the other hand, the workers and management in Sweden might be reluctant to share with anybody (Ardchivilli, 2006). Another dimension is power distance. The power distance concept has to do with hierarchies. Hierarchies may either be rigid or fluid, respected or not respected. It depends on if the country has a large power distance or a small power distance. The rigid hierarchies are often found in countries that have a large power distance. The hierarchies in these countries are in place, and they are not questioned. Therefore, the members of the hierarchies know their place in the hierarchy, and this is something tha t is accepted by the members of these groups. If there is a power inequality, this does not have to be explained. However, in the case of countries with a smaller power distance, this is not the case. If there are power inequalities within these groups, there needs to an explanation for the power inequalities. Moreover, the members of the hierarchy do not accept their fate – they strive for more equality. This means that, while they might respect the hierarchy, if they are not

An esay about the culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An esay about the culture - Essay Example This particular civilization and culture was one that developed in an isolated area of the globe in which little if any interaction with foreign cultures took place. As a result of this, the unique cultural level of development place within the Eskimo culture was almost entirely naked; not borrowing from the experiences, religions, points of view, or technologies that other cultures might have provided. By means of comparison and contrast, the culture of the Arabs was one that impacted greatly upon other regions in and around those areas that were primarily settled by Arabs. The underlying impact that geography had with regards to this level of cultural development had to act that there were few if any actual barriers within the Arab world between those regions that they colonized, traded with, and impacted in terms of their religion. When viewing North Africa, or the Arabian Peninsula for that matter, is readily noted that few if any barriers exist with respect to individuals freely moving about. As compared to the litany of different cultures, religions, and philosophies that existed within a divided Europe, the similarity and cohesion that existed within the Arab cultures was facilitated by this overall lack of geographic barriers. Finally, the cultures of South America, prior to the introduction of Europeans to this land, were extraordinarily insular. This is not to say that powerful empires such as the Inca did not exist; rather, it merely helps to underscore the fact that even though these powerful empires existed, they only had an immediate cultural impact within a close geographic proximity of themselves. However, unlike the case of the Eskimo culture which is previously been discussed, the issue that was exhibited within South America in pre-Columbian times had to do with the fact that the geography of South America was so formidable and differentiated. Massive rivers, high mountain ranges, deserts, and dense jungles

Higher Education And Social Awareness

Higher Education And Social Awareness INTRODUCTION India’s higher education is the third largest one after the U.S.A. and China. For years India has made an impact in the world economy by providing intellectuals to the world. But that alone will not serve the purpose. The expectation from higher education is more than that. University Grants Commission proclaims the objectives of Indian higher education in its 12th five year plan â€Å" Higher education is about promoting excellence in more ways than one: at individual level, it is an instrument of upward mobility through cultivation of excellence; for national economy, excellence of work force is a pre-requisite of sustained growth; and for humankind, excellence is a must for extending the frontiers of knowledge and cultivation of values† Higher education should bring intelligence, workforce and Values. While analyzing the above objectives India has brought intelligence and workforce for the country but the question is whether the higher education system brings values or social concern among the students. Education should not stop with just acquiring the intelligence to earn more income and leading a sophisticated life. It should create social awareness and self-awareness. Today the social life is eroding in India. The educated persons are ignorant of not only the long accepted social values but also the modern values of secularism, socialism, democracy and professional ethics. A recent news paper reveals that a husband and wife, both who are in Indian Administration Service have amazed lot of wealth through corruption. This brings us the question that why these highly placed people engage in corruption. Also another recent report on newspaper shows that most of the criminals today are the educated people. Now we have to think that what is wrong in the education which they acquired. It is the lack of social concern in the education. In this regard it is important to analyse whether higher education is providing the right platform for social thinking. AUTONOMY IN HIGHER EDUCATION One of the radical changes in higher education is the introduction of autonomy. Autonomy and accountability goes hand in hand. This provides the college freedom to design their curriculum. Unfortunately most of the colleges use this status as a means for fund raising. Also while designing the curriculum they give prime importance to employability and least importance to ethical and social values. This will pave way for a self-centered attitude among the educated elite. Transparency of curriculum to the common man is crucial in making autonomy by bringing social values in it. The government should monitor the autonomous colleges through universities so that autonomy is not misused by the colleges. But the sad aspects of the universities are that their focus and objectives are far away from developing the higher education. CHOICE-BASED CREDIT SYSTEM Today most of the colleges are following the CBCS system in providing education. This system, which was imposed by the government, also provides only a minimum scope for imparting social values. The important feature of CBCS is that it concentrates more on skill based electives and non-major electives. Even the system adopted by the government is not providing a platform for socially relevant higher education in India. PRIVATISATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION Today the government allows the private parties to compete in higher education. The role of private parties in higher education is inevitable. But private education mostly concentrates on technical education rather than Arts and Science. Social values are not a part in the technical education. Also an extension activity was not a part in its curriculum. Again these private institutions compete each other to admit students. So they spent crores of rupees for advertisement and campus interview but they do not concentrate on the wholistic development of the students. Finally the students become intellectuals without social awareness. A strict control on private higher education institutions are the requisite for creating social ethics among the students. FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES Today the much debated topic on higher education is allowing the foreign universities to provide higher education in India. The argument kept by the current UPA II government is that it creates a healthy competition which in turn will increase efficiency and efficiency will bring quality in higher education. This argument is correct partly. But the main question unanswered is whether these institutions can provide a platform for our students to learn our traditional values and customs. The qualities of such universities are doubtful because only the third ranked foreign universities are coming to India and their motive is to make profit only. So they do not provide the socially relevant higher education. Again even if they provide the social values in education that will be the westernized values which does not suit our country. The social values will erode and finally a chaos will prevail in our country. Another danger of allowing foreign universities in India is that the Indian institutions, mostly private has to compete with foreign universities in admitting the students. So in order to encounter the competitions of these foreign universities, our universities also have to engage in concentrating on providing only employable skills and not the social values. So this move is also going to endanger the minimum social values provided in India today. So the government has to be cautious in bringing foreign universities to India. GOVERNMENT AND HIGHER EDUCATION The role of government is crucial in bringing higher education with social concern. The government of India in its action plan report of 12th plan has emphasised that higher education should be taken out from the non-profit zone and a nominal profit should be implemented. Thus the main stake holder of higher education is trying to bring higher education towards profit earning sector. So social values will take the second seat. The government considers higher education as a liability. There is also lack of co-ordination among the institution like HRD, UGC, AIT etc. which monitors the higher education in India. MARKET ECONOMY AND HIGHER EDUCATION Today all aspects are determined by the market economy. It has also touched the higher education. The market economy always imparts a pressure on the students from the school education. It wants people to acquire employable skills to work in the private concern. On the one hand the employment in organized sector is diminishing and on the other hand the job opportunities are only available in private concerns. So survival of the fittest is the order of the day and this makes the students to concentrate more on acquiring knowledge rather than participating in social agitation or discussions in social aspects. The education providers are also not providing the room for the students to discuss the social evils. The joy of learning is missing today. Thus the market economy provides the students with lop sided development. A capitalistic attitude is prevailing among the educated students. The market also fixes the wage for the teachers in private higher education institution. As the supply exceeds the demand, the market wage is low. So these teachers do not have the urge to provide a socially relevant education. They are not ready to discuss things which are outside the curriculum (i.e) social issues and the management also does not permit them. Only good salary and job security can motivate the teachers to discuss social issues. It is also disheartening to note that 80 percent of the graduates of Metropolitan cities prefer to work in foreign countries. This shows that our education was not able to inspire the young generation to a moral commitment of working in India for the well being of common man. CONCLUSION The above analysis highlights that the present higher education provides a lop-sided development. It provides only intelligence, but not the emotional intelligence and social concern. This is a dangerous sign as most of these students may be intelligent criminals. There is difference between education with social concern and education without social concern. A best example is the terrorists who demolished the twin buildings of U.S.A. He is very intelligent in hijacking a flight and entering into the territory of U.S.A. But he does not have the social concern and compassion to the persons in towers and their relatives. So there is an urgent need for a radical change in the higher education through which we have to include social concern, which will in turn will bring peaceful co-existence of the people of India. References Bhattacharya,J. (2012), ‘Higher Education in India: Issues, Concern and Remedies, University News, Vol.50, No.17. Government of India (2013) Twelfth Five Year Plan 2012-2017,New Delhi: Planning Commission. Jitendra Gandhi (2013), ‘Life Skill Education: An Urgent Need in Higher Education’, University News, December 09-15, Vol. 51., No. 49. Kumaran,D. Hemalatha Kalaimathi,D (2006), ‘Development and Validation of Social Skills Rating Scale’, Journal of Edutracks, 2006, Vol.5, No.8. Manish Lathe (2009), ‘Emotional Intelligence of Teacher Trainess’, Edutracks, May 2009, Vol.8, No.9.

Plagues And Epidemics :: essays research papers

Plagues and Epidemics Humans are remarkably good at finding a religious scapegoat for their problems. There has always been someone to blame for the difficulties we face in life, such as war, famine, and more relevant, disease. Hitler blames the Jews for economical woes in a corrupt Germany long after the Romans held the Christians responsible for everything wrong in a crumbling, has-been empire. In the fourteenth century, when Plague struck Europe, it was blamed on "†¦ unfavorable astrological combinations or malignant atmospheres†¦" (handout p2), and even "†¦deliberate combination by witches, Moslems (an idea proposed by Christians), Christians (proposed by Moslems) and Jews (proposed by both groups)." (H p2) The point is, someone was to blame even when the obvious reasons, flea ridden rats, were laying dead on the streets. As time progressed to the twentieth century, there have been few if any exceptions made to this phenomena. In the case of Oran, the people raced to find a culprit for the sudden invasion of their town, which became the unrepentant man. This is one of Camus’ major themes; The way a society deals with an epidemic is to blame it one someone else. Twenty years ago, when AIDS emerged in the US, homosexual men became the target of harsh and flagrant discrimination, and even today are still held accountable by some beliefs. While we may no longer lynch in the nineties, we do accuse innocent groups, like the gay male population, for the birth and explosion of AIDS in our society. Given, there are some differences between each respective situation, but there are striking similarities that cannot be ignored. As the Plague invaded the town of Oran, the people quarantined within its walls began to look to their leaders for answers. Most likely these people had trouble believing that such an awful thing was happening to them, and needed someone to point the finger at. In the meantime, Father Paneloux was preparing a speech to answer the questions and fears that surrounded him, and probably vexed him as well. The truth is, his speech was as much therapeutic as it was didactic, and in winning the opinion of the public he could calm his own fears. " If today the plague is in your midst, that is because the hour has struck for taking thought. The just man need have no fear, but the evildoer has good cause to tremble." (p95) Paneloux is passing the blame, but in a very intriguing way. "You believed some brief formalities, some bendings of the knee, would recompense Him well enough for you criminal indifference.

Military Language: Through My Eyes Literacy Narrative

Jaron Dowell Professor Benjamin Smith ENGL 1113 20120930 Military Language: Through My Eyes My drill instructor TSgt Huggins proudly stated to my flight of sixty other high school kids from around the U. S. , â€Å"Well boys we just got some breaking news from the commander, the state of Texas’s elevation has increased by four inches and it’s your all’s responsibility to right this wrong and the only way to do that is to push, so get on your face and keep pushing till I say stop. When most people overhear military personnel conversing with one other, I’m sure their first thought would be that the English language is being butchered because all they hear are acronyms. Examples are abound everywhere: if you overheard me saying that it’s time to go chow at the DFAC, most civilians would just stare at me with a puzzling look, but if other military personnel or someone familiar with the terminology overheard me, they wouldn’t question what had ju st been said at all; on the contrary, they would just know that it was time to go eat at the dining facility.The first time military language was introduced to me was the unforgettable day of June 29th, 2009 in the unforgivable heat of southern Texas at Lackland AFB. While 99% of my senior class was off having a last hoorah before they went off to college, I was getting told to get on my face and do pushups till my arms fall off by a man so huge, the earth shook beneath his feet. I was hundreds of miles away from home, and it suddenly hit me for what I had gotten myself into. Over the next two months I would have my views on life be changed almost on a weekly basis by what was going on around me.If I had known on my first day of what I should have said to Huggins question, I wouldn’t have had a problem, but instead I did the most idiotic thing you could do: I let out a small chuckle. With a blink of an eye, sergeant Huggins was in my face and letting me know if I thought some thing was funny, to which my response was â€Å"Sir trainee Dowell reports as ordered, sir I do not find you a funny man at all. † I thought that was the proper answer, but I was very wrong. Huggins was all-knowing and had an answer to everything.He just stared at me with a blank expression and said â€Å"That hurts trainee, here I was letting you see my talent and you go and do this to me, well since I’m obviously not the funny one how about you tell me a joke, so that way I can learn from a professional. † That moment I started to open my mouth and before a word was spoken an explosion went off, â€Å"WHAT DO YOU THINK YOUR DOING, YOU WILL NOT SPEAK, YOU ARE NOT FUNNY, YOU ARE GOOD FOR ONE THING AND ONE THING ONLY, YOU WILL BE MY LATRINE QUEEN AND YOU WILL HAVE MY BATHROOM CLEAN ENOUGH TO EAT OFF, DO YOU UNDERSTAND! To which I responded â€Å"Yes sir. † It was at that moment I understood exactly the beauty of just saying two words and nothing else, â⠂¬Å"yes sir† was my dearest companion and would serve me well for the next couple months. Military culture was infusing itself with me more and more each day that I was at basic training. It was always adapting and helping me to understand the world around me and its intentions were obvious since very first day of basic training: to break me down, just to build me up.The act of being yelled at was literacy in its purest form. To me it was a means of communicating the disciplines I would have to endure in order for me to be a contributing force in the United States Air Force. Although I was not a fan of being yelled at on a regular basis, it began to dawn on me that in order for me to progress; I would have to learn the language that was presented in front of me. As simple as the language may have appeared to me at first, I learned that it was actually quite intricate.Not only did it combine language being spoken, but it utilized body language as well. The body language was the hardest aspect for me to grasp at the beginning; although I may have not intended to disrespect any MTI; my body language seemed to always be saying something completely opposite of what I had just spoken. But through persistent â€Å"behavioral modifications,† or as I like to say â€Å"getting my head chewed off,† I was able to overcome that obstacle in no time at all.I had learned the art of being a big guy that could be tinier and quieter than a field mouse. I had learned my lesson and now began the practice of listening before speaking and it was worked wonderfully in my favor because I hadn’t received the wrath of any of my drill instructors. I started to realize that the military was teaching me valuable tools that would help me throughout my life, not just a means for me to survive basic training.At times the language and environment was harsh but I came to the conclusion that I needed to take a step back and allow someone to help me progress myself as a n adult. For me, graduating basic training was one of the proudest moments of my life and whenever I look back at that day, I know that if I hadn’t of been put through that stress, I wouldn’t have the skills I do today to deal with that. The military was a great thing for me to experience, and I will always be thankful for that.

Shawsank Redemption essays

Shawsank Redemption essays "The Shawshank Redemption" is a unique movie which involves many different personalities and underlying themes. The personalities of the inmates are very interesting and when combined they create a fascinating plot, which gives a different perspective of prison life. The main characters are Andy Dufrense (Tim Robbins) and Eliss "Red" Redding (Morgan Freeman). Additional characters such as the wise and simple old man, Brooks (James Whitmore), and the evil warden help to enrich the movie, giving it unequaled depth into the psychological aspects of prison life. The personalities of the Shawshank prison combine to form a community of sorts. This movie shows prisons not only as a place where murderers and thieves live, but also as a commune of people who have had problems and who are attempting to rehabilitate themselves. The story revolves around Andy who is convicted of murdering his wife and her lover in 1946, and who is then sentenced to life in prison. He is sent to the Shawshank prison, the state prison in Maine, which is known for its harshness. One does not know if it is Andy who committed the murder of his wife and her lover. What is learned though, is that he is not ready for prison and honestly doesn't seem like a man who would survive. His thinking going into prison is just to survive and blend in. He's a wise man who competently deals with what the justice system has served him. He is normal on the outside but emotionally tormented on the inside. Andy is a very complex character who displays introverted tendencies, keeping his feelings to himself and never allowing anyone beyond his stoic exterior Andy's friendship with Red begins in a most peculiar manner. Andy asks for a rock hammer, which Red dutifully gets for him. Red, knowing that Andy is vulnerable, gets him on tar duty and takes him under his wing. The friendship is very unique and they bot...

Conditional Forms and Sentences in English

Conditional Forms and Sentences in English Conditional forms are used to imagine events in certain conditions. The conditional can be used to speak about real events that always happen (first conditional), imaginary events (second conditional), or imagined past events (third conditional). Conditional sentences are also known as if sentences. Here are some examples: If we finish early, we will go out for lunch. - First conditional - possible situationIf we had time, we would visit our friends. - Second conditional - imaginary situationIf we had gone to New York, we would have visited the exhibit. - Third conditional - past imagined situation English learners should study conditional forms to speak about past, present and future situations that depend on other events happening. There are four forms of the conditional in English. Students should study each of the forms to understand how to use conditionals to speak about: Something that is always true if something happens - conditional zeroSomething that will be true in the future if something happens - conditional one or real conditionalSomething that would be true if something happened in the present - conditional two or unreal conditionalSomething that would have been true in the past if something had happened - conditional three or unreal conditional At times it might be difficult to make the choice between the first and second (real or unreal) conditional form. You can study this guide to the first or second conditional for more information on making the proper choice between these two forms. Once you have studied conditional structures, practice your understanding of the conditional forms by taking the conditional forms quiz. Teachers can also use the printable conditional forms quiz in-class. Listed below are examples, uses and formation of Conditionals followed by a quiz. Conditional 0 These situations are always true if something happens. Note: This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using when (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.) If I am late, my father takes me to school.She doesnt worry if Jack stays out after school. Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he comes to town, we have dinner. or: We have dinner if he comes to town. Conditional 1 Often called the real conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. Note: In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means if ... not. In other words, ...unless he hurries up. could also be written, ...if he doesnt hurry up.. If it rains, we will stay at home.He will arrive late unless he hurries up.Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise. Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies. or: We will go to the movies if he finishes on time. Conditional 2 Often called the unreal conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. The conditional 2 provides an imaginary result for a given situation. Note: The verb to be, when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as were. If he studied more, he would pass the exam.I would lower taxes if I were the President.They would buy a new house if they had more money. Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If they had more money, they would buy a new house. or: They would buy a new house if they had more money. Conditional 3 Often referred to as the past conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation. If he had known that, he would have decided differently.Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston. Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed or: Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.

Managing & Leading Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing & Leading Change - Essay Example From this discussion highlights that  Pervengines has gone through a number of progressive changes that make it possible to give a qualitative assessment to the progression that has been achieved by the company so far. Based on Lewin’s three step theory, which identifies three major steps of organisational change namely unfreezing, transformation and refreezing, it can be said that Pervengines has in the past five years gone through all these steps in its effort to achieve rapid growth and development.  This paper declares that  the company through its M.D identifies the stagnant nature of growth and the need for there to be an immediate change if the company will achieve its mission goals. As noted by Lewin, the right after identifying the need for change, the second step is jumped unto, which is the transformation step. At this step, certain prescribed changes are expected to take place. Indeed, for Pervengines, a number of pragmatic tasks were undertaken as a means to putting the proposed changes into action. For instance early retirement incentives were put on the table to ensure that many of the old staff whose presence in the company was crippling productivity took advantage of it. Furthermore, one of the company sites was closed to enhance voluntary redundancy.  The present state of Pervengines will be analysed using a SWOT analysis, which seeks to bring out the current strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company.... At the unfreezing step, the company through its M.D identifies the stagnant nature of growth and the need for there to be an immediate change if the company will achieve its mission goals. As noted by Lewin, the right after identifying the need for change, the second step is jumped unto, which is the transformation step (Jones & Brazzel, 2005). At this step, certain prescribed changes are expected to take place. Indeed, for Pervengines, a number of pragmatic tasks were undertaken as a means to putting the proposed changes into action. For instance early retirement incentives were put on the table to ensure that many of the old staff whose presence in the company was crippling productivity took advantage of it. Furthermore, one of the company sites was closed to enhance voluntary redundancy (Britt & Jex, 2008). In relation to the third step of Lewin’s three step theory which is the refreezing, the changes that had been implemented became a permanent part of the company. This is where organizational culture comes up for discussion because the changes brought about a continuous improvement in the organisation’s culture. It will be noted that organisational culture comprises the deeply accepted values, norms and behaviours that the constituents of the company share (Axelrod, 2000). Present The present state of Pervengines will be analysed using a SWOT analysis, which seeks to bring out the current strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. By the close of the SWOT analysis, it is expected that the major characteristics that determine the present position of the company will be clearly outlined. The contributions of past events within the company and its contribution to the

(you can choose 1 of the 3 topics underneath) Essay

(you can choose 1 of the 3 topics underneath) - Essay Example Different economic outlooks emphasizes on particular components of capitalism in different places. The government is said not to have control over the market and the significance of individual property rights. The government should have some regulations to protect monopoly in the markets to avoid individual capital accumulation in addition to property and power. Capitalism is based on production of products for profit purposes, the allocation of market-based resources and on accumulation of capital as well. According to Lynch (2005), in 1990s, Russia underwent an astonishing revolution that changed from a communist dictatorship into a multiparty democracy whereby the leaders are chosen in interval election periods. Its economy was changed into a capitalist based-markets and private owned property. The army based in Europe withdrew in a peaceful manner and the countries became independent. Some years down the line, the Russia had become a catastrophic failure in 1990s as a span of misfortune for its people. Hancock, & Logue (2000) emphasizes that, Russia is not a middle-income country since it does not struggle to overcome its socialists past and find a place for itself in the world, but is seen as a collapsed state and a criminal one too. By 1999, Russia became a looted and bankrupt state of chaos. It was also known to be the most world’s virulent and the most corrupt country than any other. Economic performance in Russia was seen to be a tragedy of historic proportions, which could only lead to economic collapse hence lack of employment thus resulting to poverty. Later in 2003, the country seemed to have a glimmer of optimism whereby President Bush praised president Putin’s effort for trying to transform Russia into a country in which freedom and democracy as well as rule of law thrives. This praising talk did not show its fruits for a long time, the Russian prosecutors arrested the oil tycoon in late 2003 and it was seen to be ruled by power hungry

Guest Worker Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Guest Worker Program - Essay Example It contains no stipulations for either a new temporary worker program or citizenship (Espo, 2006). The proposed Senate legislation allocates additional funds to better enhance border security, provides for a ‘guest worker’ program and gives an estimated 10 million immigrants amnesty by putting those who are currently in the country illegally on the fast track to citizenship. Sen. Jeff Sessions, R-Ala. was skeptical about the legislation saying, â€Å"This bill will not secure our borders† (Kiely, 2006). The complaint regarding the guest worker program is that it is, in effect, amnesty. It has been estimated that the added cost to the federal government will be in excess of $15 billion per year when the present illegal aliens, working legally in the U.S., put a drain on the health care then when they eventually become citizens, will begin collecting welfare benefits. The highly debated immigration bill, endorsed by both the Senate and the Bush administration, would have added greatly to this number because it will encourage a new surge of low skilled workers through its guest worker program. Traditionally, immigrants to the U.S. were less likely than those born in America to collect welfare. This historic arrangement has radically changed over the past three decades. Today, immigrant families are at least 50 percent more likely to receive federal benefits than those born in this country. Additionally, immigrants are more likely to adapt their lives to rely on the welfare system and studies have shown the longer immi ­grants stay in the U.S., the more likely they are to be on welfare. To further aggravate the situation, when an illegal immigrant becomes a citizen, he can legally bring his parents who also have the right to become citi ­zens. The estimated long-term cost of overall federal benefits could exceed $50 billion per year for the parents of the 10 million beneficiaries of

Lost Worlds Essay Example for Free

Lost Worlds Essay Some Americans remember where they came from; others don’t. That’s the case in Daniel Chacon’s story â€Å"The Biggest City in the World†. It is a story about Harvey Gomez who is a Mexican American young man whose grandparents migrated to the Unites States from Mexico. Harvey has only been to Mexico once in his entire life and neither of his parents has ever been there before. Therefore he doesn’t know anything about his native culture or language. In this story Harvey travels deep inside of Mexico for the first time with his Mexican history Professor David P. Rogstart and gets exposed to its culture and language. On the contrary, Carolina Hospital’s poem â€Å"Finding Home† is about Mexicans who were born in Mexico and later migrated to America. When Harvey arrives in Mexico he tries to distance himself from the country’s culture. In fact, shortly after he comes out of his hotel room the first place that he goes to is La Zona Rosa because â€Å"The expensive shops, Gucci, Polo, Yves St. Laurent, relaxed him because they reminded him of Beverly Hills† (Chacon 58). Harvey is going to places in Mexico that he is familiar with back in the United States and is not trying to explore his heritage. Perhaps this is because he doesn’t feel like he is a Mexican and that he is only an American. After all, he was born and raised in the United States by parents who have never been to Mexico themselves. Harvey eventually gets exposed to ancient Aztec monuments when he runs into Professor Rogstart who is viewing stone carvings. As Harvey decides to take a closer look at the stone carvings, he is seeing history of his heritage and begins to compare it. Gomez wondered how many Aztecs were scared into believing in their gods, like his father tried to make him believe in Jesus and the Virgin Mary† (Chacon 60). He starts thinking how the Aztecs were raised up into worshiping their gods in Mexico and how his father brought him up into believing in God in America. Harvey learns about the Spanish Conquest of Mexico and begins to ask Professor Rogstart questions. He gives him honest answers â€Å"Rogstart, feeling a professorial obligation, explained to Gomez the meaning of each panel, each symbol, giving such fine details† (Chacon 61). During the explanation, Harvey feels a sense of pride in his heritage. You can tell that Harvey now wants to learn more about his past; however, he is still struggling to accept his heritage. As Harvey continues his journey in Mexico, he repeatedly distances himself from the Mexicans. Harvey is reacting this way because he is attached to money. That will soon come to an end as Harvey himself loses all of his money. â€Å"He slipped his hand into his pocket for his roll of bills† (Chacon 63). After he realizes that he is broke, he starts to panic. Harvey’s immediate reaction is to find his money no matter what it takes, but when he does not find it, Harvey starts to feel the same way the Mexicans did when they begged him for money. This is the first time that he feels this way because he was raised in America where money is a major influence in life. When it looks like it will be the end of his journey in Mexico, he discovers it is beginning. Harvey enters a taxi and tells the driver â€Å"Take me to the Zona Rosa† (Chacon 65). During the ride, Harvey is relaxed and begins to feel like a Mexican deep in his heart. When it seems that he is going to continue his denial, he tells the driver â€Å"Take me to Chapultepec Park† (Chacon 66). The cab driver is surprised and Harvey laughs telling him that he wants to explore Mexico. Harvey finally ends the denial of his Mexican heritage and goes on to explore Mexico. The poem â€Å"Finding Home† written by Carolina Hospital tells the story of how Mexicans who come to America try to find their heritage in the United States. Like many who migrate to America, the immigrants miss their country and are concerned about losing their culture. In contrast to Harvey Gomez, this poem shows that many Mexicans in America appreciate their heritage. â€Å"I have travelled north again,/to these gray skies/and empty doorways,† (Hospital 101). This shows that they miss their native country and are concerned about forgetting their heritage. Perhaps Harvey’s grandparents thought the same thing when they first came to America from Mexico. Regardless of their arrival in America, they want to return to Mexico someday. â€Å"I must travel again soon† (Hospital 102). Despite leaving their ative land they have respect for Mexico and will visit again. After the experience that Harvey had in discovering his heritage, I am sure that he will visit Mexico again. Daniel Chacon is clearly making a statement that Mexican immigrants whose kids are born and raised in America forget their own culture. In the story Harvey Gomez is denying his heritage and was embarrassed at times to admit that he is Mexican. This is because he barely knows anything about Mexico and doesn’t even speak the language. Eventually Harvey accepts who he is and discovers his heritage throughout the story. I believe that Chacon wants to demonstrate how important it is for people to know where they come from and not to forget who they are. Carolina Hospital indicates that Mexican immigrants in America continue to appreciate their heritage. In her poem the Mexicans are not embarrassed to admit where they come from. The Mexicans embrace their heritage and plan on visiting Mexico. I believe that Hospital wants to demonstrate that Mexicans immigrants do appreciate their heritage. However the fact is that no matter where people come from they must appreciate their heritage.

Patient Report Essay -- Medical Report

A treadmill stress test for atypical chest pain demonstrated inferior wall ischemia. Cardiac catheter demonstrated patent graphs and left ventricular ejection fraction of 68%. Treadmill stress test felt to be false positive; however, patient did have 5 beats of ventricular tachycardia. Holter demonstrated 3 beats of multifocal ventricular tachycardia. The patient was placed on Cardizem and atypical chest pain resolved. The patient complained of periods of "difficulty breathing", especially when he awakened at night to urinate. Cardizem was increased and pulmonary function tests were normal with no evidence of respiratory failure. The patient also reported flu 3 weeks prior to ___ [DATE]. Patient also seen about 2 weeks ago by ____ [NAME] and is on Coumadin for episode of atrial fibrillation. Holter to determine if Coumadin could be stopped. The patient came to clinic on day of admission to be seen, noting severe shortness of breath, now almost constant as if he could not ge t enough air. The patient had to deep breathe. The patient also complains of nausea, poor sleep, cou...

Different Type of Toys

Toy A teddy bear A toy is any object that can be used for play. Toys are associated commonly with children and pets. Playing with toys is often thought to be an enjoyable means of training the young for life in human society. Different materials are used to make toys enjoyable and cuddly to both young and old. Many items are designed to serve as toys, but goods produced for other purposes can also be used. For instance, a small child may pick up a household item and â€Å"fly† it through the air as to pretend that it is an airplane. Another consideration is interactive digital entertainment, such as a video game. Some toys are produced primarily as collector's items and are intended for display only. The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word â€Å"toy† is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. [1] Toys, and play in general, are important when it comes to growing up and learning about the world around us. The young use toys and play to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults use toys and play to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, remember and reinforce lessons from their youth, discover their identity, exercise their minds and bodies, explore relationships, practice skills, and decorate their living spaces. Child development A rubber duck is a popular bathtime toy for small children. Toys, like play itself, serve multiple purposes in both humans and animals. They provide entertainment while fulfilling an educational role. Toys enhance cognitive behavior and stimulate creativity. They aid in the development of physical and mental skills which are necessary in later life. One of the simplest toys, a set of simple wooden blocks is also one of the best toys for developing minds. Andrew Witkin, director of marketing for Mega Brands told Investor's Business Daily that, â€Å"They help develop hand-eye coordination, math and science skills and also let kids be creative. â€Å"[8] Other toys like Marbles, jackstones, and balls serve imilar functions in child development, allowing children to use their minds and bodies to learn about spatial relationships, cause and effect, and a wide range of other skills as well as those mentioned by Mr. Witkin. One example of the dramatic ways that toys can influence child development involves clay sculpting toys such as Play-Doh and Silly Putty and their home-made counterparts. Mary Ucci, Educational Direct or of the Child Study Center of Wellesley College, demonstrates how such toys positively impact the physical development, cognitive development, emotional development, and social development of children. 9] Toys for infants often make use of distinctive sounds, bright colors, and unique textures. Through play with toys infants begin to recognize shapes and colors. Repetition reinforces memory. Play-Doh, Silly Putty and other hands-on materials allow the child to make toys of their own. Educational toys for school age children of often contain a puzzle, problem-solving technique, or mathematical proposition. Often toys designed for older audiences, such as teenagers or adults demonstrate advanced concepts. Newton's cradle, a desk toy designed by Simon Prebble, demonstrates the conservation of momentum and energy. Not all toys are appropriate for all ages of children. Some toys which are marketed for a specific age range can even harm the development of children in that range. Gender A toy tank with a remote control. Such toys are generally thought of as boys' toys. Certain toys, such as Barbie dolls and toy soldiers, are often perceived as being more acceptable for one gender than the other. It has been noted by researchers that, â€Å"Children as young as 18 months display sex-stereotyped toy choices†. 10] Playing with toys stereotyped for the opposite gender sometimes results in negative consequences from parents or fellow children. In recent years[citation needed], mainly in western countries[citation needed], it has been looked down upon for males to play with toys that were originally stereotyped as being girls' games and toys. However, it is generally not as looked down up on for females to play with toys designed â€Å"for boys†, an activity which has also become more common in recent years. [11] Economics Toys â€Å"R† Us operates over 1,500 stores in 30 countries and has an nnual revenue of US$13. 6 billion With toys comprising such a large and important part of human existence, it makes sense that the toy industry would have a substantial economic impact. Sales of toys often increase around holidays where gift-giving is a tradition. Some of these holidays include Christmas, Easter, Saint Nicholas Day and Three Kings Day. In 2005, toy sales in the United States totaled about $22. 9 billion. [8] Money spent on children between the ages of 8 and twelve alone totals approximately $221 million annually in the U. S. 12] Toy makers change and adapt their toys to meet the changing demands of children thereby gaining a larger share of the substantial market. In recent years many toys have become more complicated with flashing lights and sound s in an effort to appeal to children raised around television and the internet. According to Mattel's president, Neil Friedman, â€Å"Innovation is key in the toy industry and to succeed one must create a ‘wow' moment for kids by designing toys that have fun, innovative features and include new technologies and engaging content. In an effort to reduce costs, many mass-producers of toys locate their factories in areas where wages are lower. 75% of all toys sold in the U. S. , for example, are manufactured in China. [8] Issues and events such as power outages, supply of raw materials, supply of labor, and raising wages that impact areas where factories are located often have an enormous impact on the toy industry in importing countries. Many traditional toy makers have been losing sales to video game makers for years. Because of this, some traditional toy makers have entered the field of electronic games and are enhancing the brands that they have by introducing interactive extensions or internet connectivity to their current toys. [13] Physical activity A boy from Jakarta with his ball. Ball games tend to be good exercise, involving lots of physical activity and are popular worldwide. A great many toys are part of active play. These include traditional toys such as hoops, tops, jump ropes and balls, as well as more modern toys like Frisbees, foot bags, astrojax, Myachi, and the yo-yo. Playing with these sorts of toys allows children to exercise, building strong bones and muscles and aiding in physical fitness. Throwing and catching balls and frisbees can improve hand-eye coordination. Jumping rope, (also known as skipping) and playing with foot bags can improve balance. Safety regulations Toys with small pieces, such as these Lego elements are required by law to have warnings about choking hazards in some countries. Many countries have passed safety standards limiting the types of toys that can be sold. Most of these seek to limit potential hazards, such as choking or fire hazards that could cause injury. Children, especially very small ones, often put toys into their mouths, so the materials used to make a toy are regulated to prevent poisoning. Materials are also regulated to prevent fire hazards. Children have not yet learned to judge what is safe and what is dangerous, and parents do not always think of all possible situations, so such warnings and regulations are important on toys. There have also been issues of toy safety regarding lead paint. Some toy factories, when projects become too large for them to handle, outsource production to other less known factories, often in other countries. Recently, there were some in China that America had to send back. The subcontractors may not be watched as closely and sometimes use improper manufacturing methods. The U. S. government, along with mass market stores, is now moving towards requiring companies to submit their products to testing before they end up on shelves. [17]

Csr of Ibm

A report on Corporate Social Responsibility of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) SUBMITTED TO Rabeya Sultana, Assistant Professor, Department Of MIS, University of Dhaka SUBMITTED BY Akibul Kowser Pahlowan Student ID: 61222-15-055 Summer Semester 2012 Department of MIS. University of Dhaka. Candidate’s DeclarationI certify that the report entitled â€Å"A report on Corporate Social Responsibility of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)† submitted as a term paper of the course Introduction of Business is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged and this project report in whole or in part has not been submitted for an award including a higher degree, to any other University or institution. Name: Akibul Kowser Pahlowan Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION| 4| 2. What is corporate social responsibility? | 5| 3. Company Profile:| 6| 4. Case Study:| 7| . Other Example of CSR Activities of IBM:| 8| 6. Why IBM involved with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? | 8| 7. Why IBM involved with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? | 9| 8. Conclusion:| 9| INTRODUCTION : Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an increasingly important activity to businesses nationally and internationally. As globalization accelerates and large corporations serve as global providers, these corporations have progressively recognized the benefits of providing CSR programs in their various locations. CSR activities are now being undertaken throughout the globe.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility of an organization for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society, the environment and its own prosperity, known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† of people, planet, and profit. Not only do responsible, sustainable and transparent  approach es help build brand and reputation, they help strengthen the community and therefore the marketplace. A solid business plan, embedded into the business culture, reflecting organizational values and objectives through strategic CSR application, will help to build a sustainable and profitable future for all.What is corporate social responsibility? The term is often used interchangeably for other terms such as Corporate Citizenship and is also linked to the concept of Triple Bottom Line Reporting (TBL), which is used as a framework for measuring an organization’s performance against economic, social and environmental parameters. The rationale for CSR has been articulated in a number of ways. In essence it is about building sustainable businesses, which need healthy economies, markets and communities. The key drivers for CSR are1:Enlightened self-interest -creating a synergy of ethics, a cohesive society and a sustainable global economy where markets, labor and communities are ab le to function well together. Social investment – contributing to physical infrastructure and social capital is increasingly seen as a necessary part of doing business. Transparency and trust – business has low ratings of trust in public perception. There is increasing expectation that companies will be more open, more accountable and be prepared to report publicly on their performance in social and environmental arenas.Increased public expectations of business – globally companies are expected to do more than merely provide jobs and contribute to the economy through taxes and employment. † Company Profile: IBM is the world's largest information technology company. It is a leader in developing computer servers, software, storage devices and microchips. It also fields a large business consulting division. The company has operations in more than 60 countries. It has a major presence in New York with headquarters in Armonk, research facility in Yorktown Heigh ts, and a massive chip-making facility in Fishkill.IBM is a world leader in research and development and number of corporate patents received annually. The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation through a merger of three companies: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Corporation. CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America. Its distinctive culture and product branding has given it the nickname Big Blue.In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the #2 largest U. S. firm in terms of number of employees (433,362), the #4 largest in terms of market capitalization, the #9 most profitable, and the #19 largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the #31 largest in terms of revenue by Forbes for 2011. Other rankings for 2011/2012 include #1 company for leaders (Fortune), #1 gre en company worldwide (Newsweek), #2 best global brand (Interbrand), #2 most respected company (Barron's), #5 most admired company (Fortune), and #18 most innovative company (Fast Company).IBM holds more patents than any other U. S. -based technology company, and has nine research laboratories worldwide. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, nine National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science. Famous inventions by IBM include the automated teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, SABRE airline reservation system, DRAM, and Watson artificial intelligence. The company has undergone several organizational hanges since its inception, acquiring companies like SPSS (2009) and PwC consulting (2002), spinning off companies like Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like ThinkPad to Lenovo (2005). Case Study: IBM an d Thai Red Cross Strike Socially Responsible HIV Partnership. In 2010 2. 7 million became infected with HIV, bringing the total tally to 34 million HIV positive people in the world. Despite the fact that medication to treat the condition has increased the life expectancy of those infected with the virus and delayed the onset of AIDS, the best way to fight the problem is avoiding infection in the first place.Thailand is seen as success story in terms of policies to stop the spread of the virus. During the 1990s the government introduced a comprehensive program that resulted in a reduction of visits to commercial sex workers, made condoms popular and reduced the spread of other sexually transmitted diseases. As a consequence, infection figures dropped from 143,000 in 1991 to 19,000 in 2003. Currently, just over 500,000 people live with HIV in that country while new infections stand at around 16,000 per year.The latest step in the fight against HIV in Thailand is an agreement between t he Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center and IBM. The socially responsible deal is part of a drive to make Bangkok a zero HIV infection city by 2015. IBM will be donating its business analytics software and technology expertise to enable TRCARC to design more effective intervention strategies to help end the spread of HIV/AIDS. The partnership is part of a wider global move to end HIV infections called Getting to Zero, which was launched by UNAIDS.The objective of the campaign is not only to stop new HIV infections, but also to fight discrimination against people living with the virus. â€Å"HIV infection is one of the most serious public health threats Thailand is facing. Unfortunately, only 40 per cent of the HIV infected population knows they are living with the HIV or AIDS and gets access to antiretroviral treatment services. This situation results in continuing spread of the life-threatening virus and new infections are rising every year,† said TRCARC's director, Professor Emeritus Praphan Phanuphak.IBM's software will enable the center to access information and share outputs with collaborating agencies such as the Department of Disease Control and Ministry of Public Health, which will then be able to strengthen HIV prevention efforts. Previous campaigns to prevent and deal with HIV cases were hampered by the use of outdated information. IBM's software will help researchers make more informed decisions and will help staff share knowledge and skills.One of the key aspects of the software is that it creates an online behavioural survey with high-risk groups, which can be used as the basis for a database. The IBM DB2 database software makes data retrieval time a lot faster, reducing it from two months to five minutes. It can also develop advanced, fully automated reporting with the use of IBM Cognos business intelligence software that enables better analytics and reporting of behavioral records associated with people with high risk of infection.Other fe atures include table and maps to help staff make better decisions and implement more effective strategies based on real-time analysis. Elsewhere IBM is also lending its expertise to HIV drug research. The company's World Community Grid, a network that provides researchers with the spare computing power of two-million PCs owned by 600,000 individuals and organizations, has enabled the Scripps Research Institute to discover two new compounds that could lead to medicines for those infected with HIV. Other Example of CSR Activities of IBM: Creating innovation that matters for the world:The primary focus of IBMs corporate citizenship activities is on developing initiatives to address specific societal issues, such as the environment, community economic development, education , health, literacy, language and culture. We employ IBM’s most valuable resources, our technology and talent, in order to create innovative programs in these areas to assist cities and communities around the w orld. For example, IBMs Corporate Service Corps program annually deploys teams of selected high potential employees to emerging regions to work with government, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations on critical local projects.Since the program began in 2008, nearly 300 IBMers from 44 countries have been placed on 29 teams in 9 countries: Brazil, China, Ghana, Malaysia, the Philippines, Romania, Tanzania, Turkey and Vietnam. Teams have completed projects around water quality, disaster preparedness and project management. Our World Community Grid initiative utilizes grid and cloud computing technologies to harness the tremendous power of idle computers to perform specific computations related to critical research around complex biological, environmental and health-related issues.Another example of IBMs citizenship activities is On Demand Community, our employee volunteer initiative. Since its inception in 2003, over 140,000 employees and retirees have registered and per-formed o ver 9 million hours of volunteer service around the world. In a study of the program published by the Points of Light Foundation, On Demand Community is identified as the archetypical model for a new approach to corporate community involvement, calling it a â€Å"model without peer. † â€Å"When the tsunami and earthquake struck Asia, IBM didn’t just cut a check for relief funds and call it a day.The company used its techno-logical expertise and skilled people to create what government and relief agencies could not: information systems to effectively track relief supplies and reunite families,† said Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Ernest L. Arbuckle Professor at Harvard Business School, in her book, SuperCorp. Why IBM involved with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)? A key driver for IBM’s approach to CSR is the need to maintain its market position in a changing business environment. IBM recognises that CSR benefits the company’s business by helping enhan ce a company’s reputation so increasing its brand value.Further benefit from CSR comes from demonstrating thought leadership. For IBM thought leadership includes being recognised as contributing to shaping the agenda of policy and practice outside of the company, whereby IBM is recognised for both great products and great ideas. The people at IBM are persuaded that CSR helps drive shareholder value. Businesses that get CSR right â€Å"will have a significant advantage attracting investors, talent and customers, developing new products and services, and gaining access to new markets and new opportunities.It also will help them improve operational efficiency and reduce costs, and meet regulatory requirements, which can allow them to qualify for incentives and avoid penalties† Conclusion: IBM has been a leader in corporate social responsibility for nearly 100 years, contributing technology, talent and cash to nonprofit organizations and educational institutions around the world. Our activities are designed to help people to become smarter, and to develop future leaders capable of improving the quality of life for themselves and in the cities where they live—making for a smarter planet.

Free Essays on Decartes Meditations

In Descartes’ first meditation, he becomes skeptical of all knowledge he has acquired through his lifetime. The substantiality of the falsehoods he has accepted as true became unbearable and he found it necessary to demolish everything and start from scratch to find some foundation, if any, to then base his knowledge claims on. He realized that the majority of knowledge was based on his sense perceptions, and that these perceptions can be dubious at times, such as when a straight oar appears bent in water. Through this method of doubt that all his knowledge could be called into question, he set aside everything as if it was wholly false. By this, Descartes hoped to find at least one foundational, indubitable truth, an Archimedean point if you will, or if not to find that there is in fact no certainty. In his tribulations he found that in fact it was impossible to doubt the existence of your thoughts, and from this it was not possible to doubt that you exist. Further, he believed that because he could doubt that the existence of his body, but not his mind, it must be that mind is not body since one has a property the other lacks. To see Descartes’ reasoning we need to analyze this claim known as the argument for the distinctness of mind and body, or dualism. This line of reasoning is mainly based on Descartes’ understanding of himself and his body. First, certain terms need to be understood to conceptualize these ideas. Extension refers to spatially extended, tangible, physical, or material, which in Descartes’ argument refers to a body, which is spatially extended and occupies a space which excludes all other bodies, and can be perceived by sight, smell, and touch. Essence refers to a property that is essential to that thing’s existence; without it the thing would cease to be the same thing. Distinct refers to something that is understood as entirely different from another thing. For our purposes it would refer to ... Free Essays on Decartes Meditations Free Essays on Decartes Meditations In Descartes’ first meditation, he becomes skeptical of all knowledge he has acquired through his lifetime. The substantiality of the falsehoods he has accepted as true became unbearable and he found it necessary to demolish everything and start from scratch to find some foundation, if any, to then base his knowledge claims on. He realized that the majority of knowledge was based on his sense perceptions, and that these perceptions can be dubious at times, such as when a straight oar appears bent in water. Through this method of doubt that all his knowledge could be called into question, he set aside everything as if it was wholly false. By this, Descartes hoped to find at least one foundational, indubitable truth, an Archimedean point if you will, or if not to find that there is in fact no certainty. In his tribulations he found that in fact it was impossible to doubt the existence of your thoughts, and from this it was not possible to doubt that you exist. Further, he believed that because he could doubt that the existence of his body, but not his mind, it must be that mind is not body since one has a property the other lacks. To see Descartes’ reasoning we need to analyze this claim known as the argument for the distinctness of mind and body, or dualism. This line of reasoning is mainly based on Descartes’ understanding of himself and his body. First, certain terms need to be understood to conceptualize these ideas. Extension refers to spatially extended, tangible, physical, or material, which in Descartes’ argument refers to a body, which is spatially extended and occupies a space which excludes all other bodies, and can be perceived by sight, smell, and touch. Essence refers to a property that is essential to that thing’s existence; without it the thing would cease to be the same thing. Distinct refers to something that is understood as entirely different from another thing. For our purposes it would refer to ...

Authorization Definition - How Federal Agencies are Born

Authorization Definition - How Federal Agencies are Born Did you ever wonder how a federal program or agency came into being? Or why they theres a battle every year over whether they should receive taxpayer money for their operations? The answer is in the federal authorization process. An authorization is defined as a piece of  legislation that establishes or continues one or  more federal agencies or programs, according to the government. An authorization bill that become law either creates a new agency or program and then allows for it to be funded by taxpayer money. An authorization bill typically sets how much money those agencies and programs get, and how they should spend the money.   Authorization bills can create both permanent and temporary programs. Examples of permanent programs are Social Security and Medicare, which are often referred to as  entitlement programs.  Other programs that are not statutorily provided for on a permanent basis are funded annually or every few years as part of the appropriations process. So the creation of federal programs and agencies happens through the authorization process. And the existence of those programs and agencies is perpetuated through the appropriations process. Heres a closer look at the authorization process and the appropriation process.   Authorization Definition   Congress and the president establish programs through the authorization process. Congressional committees with jurisdiction over specific subject areas write the legislation. The term â€Å"authorization† is used because this type of legislation authorizes the expenditure of funds from the federal budget. An authorization may specify how much money should be spent on a program, but it does not actually set aside the money. The allocation of taxpayer money happens during the appropriations process. Many programs are authorized for a specific amount of time. The committees are supposed to review the programs before their expiration to determine how well they are working and whether they should continue to receive funding. Congress has, on occasion, created programs without funding them. In one of the most high-profile examples, the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Child Left Behind† education bill  passed during the George W. Bush administration was an authorization bill that established a number of programs to improve the nation’s schools. It did not, however, say the federal  government  would  definitely spend money on the programs. An authorization bill is rather like a necessary hunting license for an appropriation rather than a guarantee, writes  Auburn University political scientist Paul Johnson.  No appropriation can be made for an unauthorized program, but even an authorized program may still die or be unable to perform all its assigned functions for lack of a sufficiently large appropriation of funds. Appropriations Definition In appropriations bills, Congress and the president state the amount of money that will be spent on federal programs during the next fiscal year.   In general, the appropriations process addresses the discretionary portion of the budget – spending ranging from national defense to food safety to education to federal employee salaries, but excludes mandatory spending, such as Medicare and Social Security, which is spent automatically according to formulas, says the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. There are 12 appropriations subcommittees in each house of Congress. They are divided among broad subject areas and each writes an annual appropriations measure. The 12 appropriations subcommittees in the House and Senate are: Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related AgenciesCommerce, Justice, Science, and Related AgenciesDefenseEnergy and Water DevelopmentFinancial Services and General GovernmentHomeland SecurityInterior, Environment, and Related AgenciesLabor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesLegislative BranchMilitary Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related AgenciesState, Foreign Operations, and Related ProgramsTransportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Sometimes programs dont get the necessary funding during the appropriations process even though theyve been authorized.  In perhaps the most glaring example, critics of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† education law  say that while Congress and the Bush administration created the program in the authorization process, they never adequately sought to fund them through the appropriations process.   It is possible for Congress and the president to authorize a program but not to follow through with funding for it. Problems With the Authorization and Appropriations System There are a couple of problems with the authorization and appropriations  process. First, Congress has failed to review and reauthorize many programs. But  it also has not let those programs expire. The House and Senate simply waive their rules and set aside money for the programs anyway. Second, the difference between authorizations and appropriations confuses most voters. Most people assume that if a program is created by the federal government  it is also funded. Thats wrong.   [This article was updated in July 2016 by U.S. Politics Expert Tom Murse.]

Definition and Examples of Digraphs in English

Definition and Examples of Digraphs in English A digraph in the English language is a group of two successive letters ​that represents a single sound or phoneme. Common vowel digraphs include ai (rain), ay (day), ea (teach), ea (bread), ea (break), ee (free), ei (eight), ey (key), ie (piece), oa (road), oo (book), oo (room), ow (slow), and ue (true). Common consonant digraphs include ch (church), ch (school), ng (king), ph (phone), sh (shoe), th (then), th (think), and wh (wheel). Importance Diagraphs are considered nearly equal to the letters of the standard alphabet in importance to learning to read and write in English. In Linguistic Tips for Latino Learners and Teachers of English, E.Y. Odisho, writes: [F]rom the pedagogical and instructional perspective, the digraphs should be given utmost attention in the teaching of almost all language skills of English because of the proportionally large number of digraphs in relation to the 26 letters; they are approximately one-fourth of the core letters. Other experts have indicated the difficulty that learning digraphs presents to English language learners. For example, according to Roberta Heembrock in Why Kids Cant Spell, the digraph ch can be pronounced at least four different ways: k (character), sh (chute), kw (choir), and ch (chain). Complicated System Some sounds can be represented only by digraphs. In Childrens Reading and Spelling, T. Nunes and P. Bryant offer examples such as sh (shoot), ay (say), and ai (sail). Still other sounds can be represented in some words by single letters and in others by digraphs, such as fan and phantom, which begin with the same phoneme but are written as one letter in the first word and as two letters in the second. This is a complicated system and probably, to young children at least, it may seem a capricious and unpredictable one as well, Nunes and Bryant write. Spelling Confusion Spelling words that incorporate digraphs is as tricky as reading them and determining the sounds that they create. For example, the six letters of the six-phoneme word strict are represented by six digraph units: strict. On the other hand, the six letters of the three-phoneme word wreath are represented by just three digraph units: wreath, according to Brenda Rapp and Simon Fischer-Baum in Representation of Orthographic Knowledge.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ The Past Tense ​Spellings A particular difficulty for children is learning to spell words that deviate from what they have come to expect in their learning process. This is often the case, according to Rebecca Treiman and Brett Kessler in How Children Learn to Write Words, with the past tense. As an example, they note that the past tense of mess (messed) sounds like mest and that of call (called) sounds like cald, each of which is still one syllable, while the past tense of hunt, which adds the ed sound to make hunted, has two syllables. Children are used to the latter pattern and find the former one odd.

Shinto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shinto - Essay Example 1. Koshitsu Shinto, or the Shinto of the Imperial House, which includes the rituals performed by the Emperor. Until 1945 the Emperor was considered to be the descendant of Amaterasu, the most worshipped Shinto deity. Nowadays he is referred to as the "symbol of the state and of the unity of the people" in Japanese Constitution. Shoten and Nai-Shoten, the male and female clergy help the Emperor to perform the rituals. The most important ritual is Niinamesai, the offering the first fruits from the harvest to the deities. 2. Jinja Shinto, or Shrine Shinto. The most widespread form of Shinto in Japan. Until 1945 the followers of Shrine Shinto worshipped the emperor as a living god. This form of Shinto puts the emphasis on the importance of the shrines. Shinto is one of the most tolerant religions worldwide. Nowadays it has the elements of Buddhism, and of some other religions. Shinto accepts the elements of other religions, and Shintoists are usually very tolerable forwards the beliefs that are different from the ones they hold What is peculiar about Shinto is that while it has been a main Japanese religion for thousands of years, it has always shared is cultural and spiritual role with other religious movements, like Buddhism and Confucianism. Some researchers eliminate the four phases of the historical development of Shinto: Before the arrival of other religions in Japan Shinto and other religions together in Japan The Meiji reinterpretation of Shinto in the 19th century Shinto after World War II (Religion and Ethics, Shinto) Scott Littleton, the author of the comprehensive guide towards Shintoism, states that the Shintoistic iconographic evidence appears when the more complex Yayoi culture arrives (300BCE - 300CE) (2002). It is reported that before the 6th century CE there was "no formal Shinto religion, but many local cults that are nowadays grouped under the Shinto" (Religion and Ethics, Shinto). The ancient beliefs and customs were first written in the Kojiki [records of ancient matters], which were prepared under the imperial order and completed in 712 AD. (Reader, 1998) At that times Shinto was different from the religion we know nowadays. From the scientific point of view, the sets of beliefs that existed among different tribes that inhabited the territory of contemporary Japan cannot be referred to as "religion". In the minds of the ancient Japanese their beliefs were just a part of the world that surrounded them. Their beliefs were secularized, and used in their day-to day existence. The ancient Japanese developed Shinto to explain the world they saw around. Lots of natural phenomena were incomprehensible for people who lived at those times, thus they had to invent explanations. It's well known that the things people don't understand scare them the most. Like all the other ancient belief systems, Shinto was developed to help ancient people cope with their